In the aftermath of Karbala …

[Sajid Zafar]

Tawabune

After the martyrdom of Imam Hussain, people of Kufa realized that their betrayal with Imam Husain was the real cause of the tragedy. They were determined to do something to avenge the death of the Imam and ask forgiveness for their wrongdoings.

Tawabune are people who regret, Tawabune is from the plural of Towba which means seeking forgiveness (for sins, errors). Tawabuns first emerged during the Prophets time, probably during one of the Islamic battles of holy prophet (pbuh) such as the battle of Tabouk. They were the people who refused to fight. Their wives admonished them for it, their communities did also and prophet ordered Muslims not to speak with them. They got afraid and eventually completely isolated. These people asked for forgiveness and chained up them to seek Allah’s forgives after this, an Ayah came which Allah told them they are forgiven.

Kufies repented too and chose Sulaimaan Ibne Sard Alkhoza'eey as their leader and secretly started gathering weapons and money in order to be able to fight. During this period, Yazeed Ibne Mo'aweeya died. When they felt they had a good enough army, they publicized their movement during Marwan Ibne Alhakam's reign and declared their army of about 4000 people. They walked all the way to Imam Husain's resting place asking Allah for forgiveness (Twelvers still march from as distanced located cities like Kufa & Najaf to Karbala during “Aarbaeen" or Chelam of Imam). Finally, they went to Alshaam, the area encompassing Syria, Palestine, Lebanon today, and there they fought one of the bloodiest battles ever. They could not beat the powerful Army of Alshaam, so they came back to Kufa at night. Amongst the martyrs in the battle in Alshaam were: Sulaimaan Ibne Sard, Abdulla Ibne Sa'ad Al Azdi, Abdulla Ibne Wa'el, and Rifa'ah Ibne Shadad. These events occurred approximately four years after the martyrdom of Imam at Karbala.

Rise & Fall of Al-Mokhtar Al Thaqafi

Amongst the ones who fought Obaid Illah Ibne Zyad & Umayyad after the killing of the Imam in Karbala was Al Mokhtar Al Thaqafi.

He was the son of a martyr in the Battle of Yamul Hajr during Prophet’s time. His mother was Dawma binte Wahab. He was born the year of the journey (Hijreh) of the Prophet and came with his father to Madina. He was a very brave and courageous man. When Muslim Ibn Aqeel came to Kufa, he offered him his house to stay in, and after Muslim was killed Obaid Illah Ibn Zyad put him in the same prison where Maythem Al Tammar (was a Persian slave, bought & liberated by Hazrat Ali; Ubaidullah bin Ziyad put him behind the bars and killed him later after torturing when he refused to curse Harzat Ali; his shrine is near Kufa).
Mukhtar was in prison when the tragedy of Karbala occurred. He came out of prison when his sister Safiyah got him freedom (her husband was Abdullah bin Umar bin al Khattab. He was a close associate of Yazid I). Mukhtar started gathering public support and arms to set up a revolt against Umayyad. The rebellion was finally broke out in 686 CE (almost 6 years after the Imam’s martyrdom) and was supported by the faction of Muslims. Al-Mukhtar led the rebellion, and launched it from Kufa. In the meantime, Mukhtar received a letter from Muhammad bin al-Hanafiyah, Imam Ali's son. In his letter Muhammad announced his support to Mukhtar. Muhammad's attitude encouraged people to stand by Mukhtar. Ibrahim ibne Malik al-Ashtar, a seasoned soldier and son of Malik al Ashtar (commander of Hazrat Ali’s army during three wars), joined the ranks of Mukhtar’s rebellion army.
Soon Mukhtar’s men started chasing people who took part in Karbala tragedy and killed Imam and his companions. They found and executed Harmala bin Kahil, who killed Imam Husain's baby. They also arrested and executed Sanan bin Anas, who fatally injured Imam Husain and after which imam fell on the ground and beheaded by Shimr. And they also arrested and executed Amr bin Saad, who led the Umayyad Army during the Karbala massacre. Shibth bin Riby escaped to Basrah. Shimr bin Thil Jawshan (Al-Shimr himself beheaded Imam Husain and took his head to Kufa and Damascus) also escaped. The army chased and arrested them at a village in Wasit and executed them.
The Battle of al-Khazir - The rebellion army finally reached at the bank of Al Khazir River (a tributary of River Tigris) under the command of Ibrahim al-Ashtar where it met Ubaidullah bin Ziyad's Army. Violent fights took place between the two sides. The Kufian Army fought bravely. Some commandos made a brave attack against the Umayyad's headquarters. They killed senior commanders like Ubaidullah bin Ziyad and al-Husayn bin Numair (Husayn bin Numair took part in the Karbala massacre, headed the Shamian army to besiege the holy city of Makkah, his soldiers occupied the nearby hillocks and mounted Manjaneeq on tops to bombarded holly Kaba with stones). Ibrahim al-Ashtar's Army defeated Ubaidullah bin Ziyad's army. Fighters brought the head of Ubaidullah to Mukhtar. He stood up and kicked Ubaidullah's head and sent the head to Madina to Imam Alizain-al Abideen.
There was no central government at that time in Arabian Peninsula. Abdul Malik bin Marwan was governing part of Syria & Egypt and surrounding territories. Ibne Zubair established his power in Iraq, southern Arabia (Hejaz & Najd) and in the greater part of Syria, and parts of Egypt. He was the son of Zubair ibne al-Awwam. His mother was Asma binte Abi Baker, daughter of the first Caliph Hazrat Abu Baker. He was the nephew of Bibi Aisha, Prophet Muhammad's third wife. He was one of the contender of Khilafat and strong opponent of Imam Husain and Yazid I and rather declared himself as the righteous caliph (was killed during Abdul Malik bin Marwan period, when Hajjaj ibne Yusuf surround the holy city of Makkah and razed the holly Kaba to ground). He appointed his brother Mus’ab ibne Zubair, the governor of Iraq.
Mus’ab was a very cruel and tyrant man. Mus'ab formed a big army and headed for Kufa. He took Mukhtar by surprise. Ibrahim al-Ashtar was in Mousal City. Mukhtar faced Bin al-Zubair with his small army. The two sides won victories during the first fights. Bin al-Zubair army launched a strong attack. It forced Mukhtar’s army to come back to Kufa. Mus'ab's army followed Mukhtar to Kufa. It besieged his palace. The siege went on for four months. Mukhtar tried to raise the siege. He ordered the Kufians to make street clashes. But they disobeyed him as usual. On April 687 (14th Ramadan, 68 Hijri), Mukhtar decided to leave his palace. He said to his companions: The siege will weaken us more and more! Let's go out and die martyrs. Only seventeen persons obeyed Mukhtar. They went out to fight the big army that surrounded his palace. Mukhtar was sixty-seven years old by then. He fought bravely but killed.
Mus'ab cheated the persons who stayed in the palace. He promised not to harm them if they came out. When they opened the gates of the palace, he ordered his soldiers to kill them all indiscrimately. Meanwhile, he executed thousands in one day.
The martyrdom of Mukhtar was the end of Tawabun’s uprising. Later, Zaid bin Ali bin Husain (fifth imam and founder of Zaidi Shias sect), his son Yahya bin Zaid (he is credited for collecting and saving Imam Ali Zain-al Abideen prayers; these prayers are recited as of this date by both shias, sunnies and bohrahs) and Nafs Zakiyya (means “Muhammad the Pure Soul”; real name Muhammad ibne Abdallah Al-Mahd ibne al-Hasan al-Muthanna ibne al-Hasan ibne 'Ali ibne Abi Talib) made unsuccessful revolts against Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties and killed.
Mukhtar is buried next to Muslim Ibne Aqeel within Masjid al-Kūfa, Kufa, Iraq.

Bibliography:

Compiled from numerous sources.

[mumin]

great reading. tell me more, Tell me more. would like to know
1. do the shias and sunnis pray attaheaat after the two rakats . Also what is the meaning of attaheaat. dua that we recite after the two rakats.?
2. The namaz was started after the rasools visit to allah i.e. mehraj. how did the mesengers, before the rasool i.e. adam, noah, ibrahim, musa and essa pray to allah?

[Muslim First]

Br. Mumin

AS

Here is info you asked.

The Prophet's Prayer (SAWS)
The First Tashahhud
http://www.qss.org/articles/salah/13.html#RTFToC1


The Prophet's Prayer (saws)
From The beginning To The End As Though You See It
By: Shaikh Muhammad Naasir-ud-Deen Al-Albaani
Translated by: Usama ibn Suhaib Hasan

http://www.missionislam.com/knowledge/prayerprophet.htm

[Muslim First]

From
Prayer (Salat),
According to Five Islamic Schools of Law
http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter7/6.html

The following are the forms of tashahhud observed by the differentschools:

The Hanafis:
"attahiyyatu lillahi wassalawatu wattayyibatu wassalamu 'alayka ayyuha
annabiyyu warahmatullahi wabarakatuhu, assalamu 'alayna wa 'ala
`abadillahi assaliheena, ash-hadu anna la ilaha illa Allah, waAsh-hadu
anna Mohammmedan 'abduhu warasuluhu."

The Malikis:
"Attahiyyatu lillah, azzakiyyatu lillah, attayyibatu assalawatu lillah.
Assalamu alayka ayyuha annabiyyu warahmatu allahi wabarakatuhu,
assalamu alayna wa 'ala 'abadi Allahi assaliheena, ash-hadu anna la
ilaha illa Allah, wa ash-hadu anna muhammadan 'abduhu warasuluhu.

The Shafi'is:
"Attahiyyatu almubarakatu assalawatu attayyibatu lillah, assalamu
'alayka ayyuha annabiyyu warahmatu allahi wabarakatuhu, assalamu alayna
wa 'ala 'abadi allahi assalaiheena. Ash-hadu anna la ilaha illa Allah,
wa ash-hadu anna sayyidana muhammadan rasulu Allah."

The Hanbalis:
"Attahiyyatu lillahi wa-assalawatu wa-attayyibatu. assalamu 'alayka
ayyuha annabiyyu warahmatu allahi wabarakatuhu, assalamu alayna wa 'ala
'abadi allahi assalaiheena. Ash-hadu anna la ilaha illa Allah, wahdahu
la shareekalah, wa ash-hadu anna sayyidana muhammadan 'abduhu wa-
rasuluhu. Allahumma salli ala Muhammadin."

The Imamis:
"Ash-hadu anna la ilaha illa Allah, wahdahu la shareeka lah, wa ash-
hadu anna muhammadan 'abduhu wa-rasuluhu. Allahumma salli ala Muhammadin
wa 'ali Muhammed."


8. Tasleem (farewell)

The Shafi'is, Malikis, and Hanbalis observe: Tasleem is obligatory. The
Hanafis do not consider it obligatory (Bidayat al-Mujtahid, v1, p126).

The Imamis differ among themselves, a group considers it obligatory, while
others, including al-Mufid, al-Shaykh al-Tusi and al-'Allamah al-Hilli,
regard it as mustahabb.

Tasleem (farewell) has only one form in the opinion of the four Sunni
schools, and it is "Assalamu alaikum warahmatu allah". The Hanbalis say:
It is obligatory to recite it twice. The others consider reciting once as
sufficient.

The Imamis state: Tasleem (farewell) consists of two formulas;
the first is: "Assalamu alaina wa 'ala 'abadi allahi assaliheen".
The second: "Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatu allahi wa barakatuh".
One of them is obligatory. Hence if a person recites the former, the latter
will be mustahabb, and if he recites the latter, he will stop at it. As to
"Assalamu alaika ayyuha annabiyyu wa rahmatu allahi wa barakatuhu", it is
not a part of tasleem, and is a mustahabb addition to the tashahhud.